It is possible that the male guards the egg mass. Some deposit their egg mass among cold-water corals, kelp, stones, or xenophyophores. The number of eggs varies extensively depending on species. As far as known, all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to 9.4 mm or 0.37 in). Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species. There are indications that the larvae of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Through genomic analysis it was found that Pseudoliparis swirei possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant cartilage, pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color. In general, snailfish (notably genera Notoliparis and Pseudoliparis) are the most common and dominant fish family in the hadal zone. The deepest-living described species is Pseudoliparis swirei, also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to 8,076 m (26,496 ft). The species in these deepest records remain undescribed, but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft) in December 2014 in the Mariana Trench, and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at a depth of 8,178 m (26,831 ft) in the Mariana Trench. These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered a shoal of Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis snailfish at a depth of approximately 7,700 m (25,300 ft) in the Japan Trench. Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of continental slopes. The single species in genus Rhodichthys is endemic to the Norwegian Sea. Liparis tunicatus lives amongst the kelp forests of the Bering Strait and the Gulf of St. The diminutive inquiline snailfish ( Liparis inquilinus) of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the mantle cavity of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus. It is the most species-rich family of fish in the Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by Antarctic icefish). ![]() They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as Liparis atlanticus and Liparus gibbus, having type-1 antifreeze proteins. They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and subtropical regions strictly are deepwater. This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal zones to depths of slightly more than 8,000 m (26,000 ft). It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial fisheries. The latter species may reach a weight of 11 kg (24 lb), but most species are smaller. Snailfish range in size from Paraliparis australis at 5 cm (2.0 in) to Polypera simushirae at some 77 cm (30 in) in length. They are benthic fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc this nearly circular disc is absent in Paraliparis and Nectoliparis species. The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion although they are fragile. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on the head, part of the animals' lateral line system. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose gelatinous skin some species, such as Acantholiparis opercularis have prickly spines, as well. The extensive dorsal and anal fins may merge or nearly merge with the tail fin. Their heads are large (compared to their size) with small eyes their bodies are slender to deep, tapering to very small tails. Their elongated, tadpole-like bodies are similar in profile to the rattails. The snailfish family is poorly studied and few specifics are known. In the past, snailfish were sometimes included within the latter family. They are closely related to the sculpins (family Cottidae) and lumpfish (family Cyclopteridae). Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow surface waters to greater than 8,000 meters, and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches. Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many undescribed species. ![]() The Liparidae, commonly known as snailfish or sea snails, are a family of marine scorpaeniform fishes.
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